The Monastic Orders: Cistercian


Home dershane Project team Project News Future plans Contact us Search the database Browse list of sites Browse list of orders Browse bibliography & archives Browse people Browse articles Glossary of terms Monastic Wales is not responsible for the content of external internet sites	Display Order: Cistercian also known as: White Monks The Cistercian Order had its origins in the marshy forests of Cîteaux, south of Dijon, and became one of the most important of the new religious orders to emerge from the eleventh-century reform movement. The movement was instigated by Abbot Robert of the Benedictine house at Molesme, who left his monastery seeking a simple and more austere way of life. He was joined by several like-minded companions. Robert was compelled to return to Molesme and uphold his duties as abbot but the others remained, attracted additional devotees and subsequently formed the first Cistercian community at Cîteaux. But it was the arrival of Bernard of Clairvaux c. 1112 which transformed the Cistercian Order into a truly international one that dominated Europe. The Cistercians arrived in Wales in 1131 and founded Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire. This was the second Cistercian foundation in Britain. The Cistercians, also known as the 'White Monks', on account of the distinctive colour of their habits, were driven by a desire for simplicity. They sought to return to the basic precepts of the Rule of St Benedict and made manual labour once more an integral part of their day. Each abbey had a community of lay-brothers (conversi) in addition to a community of monks, who helped make the house a self-sufficient unit. The abbeys were joined in a familial relationship connected through bonds of unity and uniformity of practice. Each house was visited annually to make sure that standards were maintained, and all abbots were required to attend the annual General Chapter at Cîteaux. Read more. Sites associated with this order , , Aberconwy 1 Abbey, Conwy Basingwerk Abbey, Flintshire Cwmhir Abbey, Powys Cymer Abbey, Gwynedd Grace Dieu Abbey, Monmouthshire Llanll?r Abbey, Ceredigion Llanllugan Abbey, Powys Llantarnam Abbey, Torfaen Maenan Abbey, Conwy Margam Abbey, Neath Port Talbot Neath Abbey, Neath Port Talbot Strata Florida Abbey, Ceredigion Strata Marcella Abbey, Powys Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbighshire Whitland Abbey, Carmarthenshire Related articles on Monastic Wales Remnants of Basingwerk Abbey, Remnants of Llanllugan, Remnants of Margam Abbey, Remnants of Neath Abbey, Remnants of Strata Florida, Remnants of Tintern Abbey, Remnants of Valle Crucis, The Cistercians in Wales, Professor Janet Burton Who were the Cistercians?, Professor Janet Burton â€˜Transientâ€™ religious houses and those of uncertain existence: Nefyn, Trawscoed, PendÃ¢r, Clynnog Fawr and Llansanffraid, Dr David Stephenson, School of History, Welsh History and Archaeology, Bangor University Bibliographical sources 641 Printed sources show sources 'Cistercians in Wales and the West' (forthcoming) Cymmer Abbey, Merioneth, Office of Works, Department of Ancient Monuments & Historic Buildings, Official Guides (1934) 'Impression from the second common seal of Margam Abbey, mid-14th century until 1536' (c. 1350xc1536) Powys: Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Breconshire, The Buildings of Wales series (University of Wales Press: Harmondsworth; Cardiff, 1979) A Descriptive Account of the Devil's Bridge, Harford, Strata Florida Abbey, and Other Scenery in That District of Cardiganshire (7th edn; Gloucester, 1811) Strata Florida Abbey = Abaty Ystrad Fflur (J.M.F. Bookbinding Services: Lampeter, 1989) 'Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions in Wales and Monmouthshire, ‘The Parish Church [Llanllugan]', in An inventory of the ancient monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions in Wales and Monmouthshire, 1 (HMSO: London, 1911), p. 19 'Citadels of God: Monasteries, Violence, and the Struggle for Power in Northern England, 1135-1154', in Anglo-Norman Studies, 31 (Boydell and Brewer: Woodbridge, 2008), pp. 17-30 'The patent rolls of Richard III: licence to William, abbot of Margam monastery, to exchange lands, etc., with Richard, abbot of Tewkesbury Monastery', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 4th series, 13:49 (1882), pp. 73-4 '[Margam Abbey]', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 5th series, 3:12 (1886), pp. 330-333 'Basingwerk Abbey and the Priories of Denbigh and Rhuddlan', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 4th series, 12:47 (1881), pp. 212-217 'Valle Crucis Abbey - Award', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 3rd series, 10 (1864), pp. 100-101 'Basingwerk Abbey', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 99 (1947), pp. 321-322 'Condition of Tintern Abbey', Builder, 85 (1903 (Oct)), p. 429 'Second county gathering at Strata Florida Abbey', Cardiganshire Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1 (1914), pp. 8-11 'First Country Gathering at Strata Florida', Cardiganshire Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1 (1914), pp. 1-7 'Ex Annalibus de Margam [1084-1229]', in Ex rerum Anglicarum scriptoribus saec. XII. et XIII Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum (Hannover, 1885; repr. New York and Stuttgart, 1964), pp. 428-430 'Ex Annalibus Meneviae et Strata Floridae [1107-1275, 1214-1260]', in Ex rerum Anglicarum scriptoribus saec. XII. et XIII Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, 27 (Hannover, 1885; reprinted New York and Stuttgart, 1964), pp. 442-444 'Excursion to Margam and Neath Abbey', Gentleman's Magazine, new series, 11 (1861), pp. 392-393 'Whitland Abbey', Gentlemen's Magazine, 109 (1839), pp. 595-8 'Royal ruins safeguarded', Heritage in Wales, 2 (1998 (autumn)) 'Tintern Abbey', Journal of the British Archaeological Association, new series, 35 (1929), pp. 54-57 'Abbeys of Great Britain: Valle Crucis', The Builder, 77 (1899), pp. 13-15 'Notes on Whitland Abbey', Transactions of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club, 14, part 38 (1919/1921), pp. 58-59 'Whitland Abbey Excavations', Transactions of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club, 29: 47 (1926), pp. 13, 33-34 'Whitland Abbey Excavations', Transactions of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club, 29: 48 (1926), pp. 58-59 'Whitland Abbey Relics', Transactions of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club, 15: 40 (1921/22), p. 48 'Two deeds relating to Neath Abbey', Publications, South Wales & Monmouth Record Society, 2, ed. A. G. Foster (1950), pp. 201-6 Twelfth-Century Statutes from the Cistercian General Chapter, CÃ®teaux Commentaria cistercienses, Studia et documenta, 12, ed. C. Waddell (Brecht, 2002) , Camden Society, series 4, ed. Charles H. Talbot (London, 1967) The Heads of Religious Houses in England and Wales, I, 940-1216, ed. D. Knowles, C. Brooke and V. London (London, 1972; 2001) The Heads of Religious Houses in England and Wales, II, 1216-1377, ed. D. M. Smith and V. London (CUP: Cambridge, 2001) The Libraries of the Cistercians, Gilbertines and Premonstratensians, Corpus of Mediaeval Library Catalogues, 3, ed. David Bell (London, 1992) Llandaff Episcopal Acta 1140-1287, Publications of the South Wales Record Society, 5, ed. David Crouch (South Wales Record Society: Cardiff, 1988) The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain: far from the concourse of men, ed. David M. Robinson (London, 1998) The Heads of Religious Houses in England and Wales, III, 1377-1540, ed. David M. Smith (CUP: Cambridge, 2008) 'Five Strata Marcella Charters', National Library of Wales Journal, 5:1, ed. E. D. Jones, N. G. Davies and R. F. Roberts (1947-8), pp. 50-54 'Documents relating to the Dissolved Monastery of Grace Dieu', in South Wales and Monmouth Record Society Publications, 2, ed. E. Owen (South Wales Record Society: Cardiff, 1950), pp. 189-199 Cartae et alia munimenta quae ad dominium de Glamorgancia pertinent, 6 vols, ed. G. T. Clark, revised G. L. Clark (Cardiff, 1910) The Charters of the Abbey of Ystrad Marchell, ed. Graham C. G. Thomas (Aberystwyth, 1997) The Autobiography of Gerald of Wales, ed. H. E. Butler (Boydell and Brewer: Woodbridge, 2005) 'The Register and Chronicle of the abbey of Aberconwy', in Camden Miscelleny, 1, Camden Society old series, 39, ed. H. Ellis (London, 1847), pp. 1-23 'Annals of Margam 1066-1232', in Annales Monastici, 1, Rolls Series, 36, 5 vols, ed. H. R. Luard (London, 1864; repr. 1965) 'A papal bull of privileges to the abbey of Ystrad Fflur', National Library of Wales Journal, 4, ed. J. C. Davies (1946), pp. 197-203 Royal Charters and Historical Documents Relating to the Town & County of Carmarthen and the Abbeys of ... Talley and Tygwgn-ar Daf [Whitland], ed. J. R. Daniel-Tyssen (W. Spurrell: Carmarthen, 1878) Annales Cambriae (AD 444-1288), Rolls Series, 20, ed. J. Williams ab Ithel (London, 1860) Monasteries and Society in the British Isles in the Later Middle Ages, Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, 35, ed. Janet Burton and Karen Stöber (Boydell and Brewer: Woodbridge, 2008) Monastic Wales: New Approaches, ed. Janet Burton and Karen Stöber (University of Wales: Cardiff, 2013) 'The Manors of the Cardiff district: Descriptions', in Cardiff Records, 2, ed. John Hobson Matthews (British History Online, Institute of Historical Research: 1900), pp. 8-41 Statuta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Cisterciensis ab Anno 1116 ad Annum 1786, 8 vols, ed. Josef Canivez (Louvain, 1933-1941) 'Documents Relating to the Subjection of the Houses of St. Mary, Dublin, and of Basingwerk, to the House of Buildwas, AD 1156-76', in Ecclesiastical Documents: Viz. I. A brief History of the Bishoprick of Somerset from its foundation to the year 1174. II. Charters from the Library of Dr. Marco Cox, ed. Joseph Hunter (J.B. Nichols and Son / Surtees Society : London, 1840; repr. New York, 1968), pp. 51-55 The Magor Pill Wreck, CBA Research Report 115, ed. N. Nayling (Council for British Archaeology: 1998) 'The Parish Church [Llanllugan]', in An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire, ed. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions in Wales and Monmouthshire (London, 1911), p. 119 Monasticon Anglicanum: a History of the Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Frieries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, with their Dependencies, in England and Wales, 6 in 8 vols, ed. Sir William Dugdale, revised J. Caley, H. Ellis, B. Bandinel (London, 1817-1830) 'Annales Marganenses', in Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores Quinque II ed. T. Gale (Oxford, 1687), pp. 1-19 'Cronica de Wallia and other documents from Exeter Cathedral Library MS. 3514', Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, ed. T. Jones (1946), pp. 27-44 Brut y Tywysogyon or the Chronicle of the Princes: Peniarth MS 20 Version, ed. Thomas Jones (Cardiff, 1952; repr. 1985) Memorials of the See and Cathedral of Llandaff. Derived from the Liber Landavensis, original documents in the British Museum, H.M. Record Office, the Margam muniments, etc, ed. 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Walter de Gray Birch and Emily Talbot (Privately printed: London, 1893-1905) 'A Traveller', 'Valle Crucis Abbey', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 3rd series, 9:33 (1863), pp. 68-72 Adam of Usk, The Chronicle of Adam of Usk 1377-1421, Oxford Medival Texts (Oxford, 1997) Adams, Alun, 'The Restoration of the Margam Heraldic Stained Glass', Port Talbot Historian, 4: 3 (2005), pp. 47-52 Adams, Alun, 'Stained and Painted Glass at Margam', Port Talbot Historian, 4: 2 (2000), pp. 26-38 Adams, John, 'The Restoration of Margam Abbey Church in the Nineteenth century', Transactions of the Port Talbot Historical Society, 3: 3 (1985), pp. 60-67 Adams, John, 'Masons and Their Marks at Margam Abbey', Transactions of the Port Talbot Historical Society, 3: 2 (1981), pp. 87-91 Anon., 'Possessions of the abbey of Neath', Transactions, Neath Antiquarian Society, 2nd series, 7 (1939), pp. 92-93 Arnold, C. J., 'Strata Marcella: the Archaeological Investigations of 1890 and the Results of a Geophysical Survey in 1990', Montgomeryshire Collections, 80 (1992), pp. 88-94 Austin, David, 'Strata Florida and its Landscape', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 153 (2004), pp. 192-201 Austin, David, 'A new project at Strata Florida Ceredigion, Wales', Monastic Research Bulletin, 13 (2007), pp. 13-19 Austin, David, 'Strata Florida and the making of Welsh identity', Proceedings of the Honourable Society of the Cymmrodorion (forthcoming) Austin, David, 'The archaeology of monasteries in Wales and the Strata Florida Project', in Monastic Wales: New Approaches, ed. Janet Burton and Karen Stöber (University of Wales: Cardiff, 2013), pp. 3-20 Banks, R. W., 'Notes to the account of Cwmhir Abbey, Radnorshire', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 5th series, 5:19 (1888), pp. 204-217 Barker, Graeme, 'Diet and Economy at Valle Crucis: the Report on the Animal Bones', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 125 (1976), pp. 117-126 Barton, P. G., 'The windmill of the abbey of Strata Marcella', Montgomeryshire Collections, 84 (1996), pp. 61-66 Baylis, Philip, 'Tintern Abbey', Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists Field Club (1902/1904), pp. 294-299 Beasley, Mark, and Moore, Peter, 'Margam: Eglwys Nunnydd Farm (Centered SS 8033 8480)', Archaeology in Wales, 40 (2000), p. 122 Beasley, Mark, and Moore, Peter, 'Eglwys Nunnydd Farm, Neath Port Talbot (SS 8033 8480)', Morgannwg, 44 (2000), pp. 140-141 Bell, David, An index of authors and works in Cistercian libraries in Great Britain (Kalamazoo, 1992) Bell, David, 'Welsh Cistercian libraries: a reapprasial', Citeaux: Commentarii Cisterciensis, 64 (2013), pp. 115-140 Bezant, Jemma, Medieval Welsh Settlement and Territory: Archaeological Evidence from a Teifi Valley Landscape, British Archaeological Monographs British Series, 487 (British Archaeological Reports : 2009) Bezant, Jemma, 'Geophysical Survey at Strata Florida Abbey, Henfynachlog Farm and Troedyrhiw Upland Settlement, Ceredigion', Archaeology in Wales, 47 (2007), pp. 53-58 Bezant, Jemma, 'Revising the Monastic Grange: Problems at the Edge of the Cistercian World', Journal of Medieval Monastic Studies, 3 (2014), pp. 51-70 Bezant, Jemma, 'The medieval grants to Strata Florida Abbey: mapping the agency of lordship', in Monastic Wales: New Approaches, ed. 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E., 'Excavations at Valle Crucis Abbey', Archaeologia Cambrensis, new series, 10 (1852), pp. 93-96 Wynne, W. W. E., 'Valle Crucis Abbey', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 3:11 (1848), pp. 228-229 106 On-line sources show online sources (all open in new window) The Benedictines of Caldey Island (online book) (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Aberconwy (View website) Maenan Abbey Hotel (View website) Black Book of Basingwerk online (View website) The Black Book of Basingwerk, image (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Basingwerk (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Cwmhir (View website) National Museum of Wales - Stone in Wales Conference 2002 (View website) Cadw - Cymer (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Cymer (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Grace Dieu (View website) Margam Abbey website (View website) Cadw - Neath (View website) Cadw -Strata Florida (View website) The Strata Florida Project (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Strata Marcella (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Tintern (View website) Cadw - Tintern (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Valle Crucis (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Whitland (View website) Monastic Matrix website - Llanllugan (View website) Monastic Matrix website - Llansantffraid (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Llantarnam (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Margam (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Neath (View website) Image of 14th-century floor tile from Basingwerk Abbey, National Museums & Galleries of Wales (Item reference: 2000.30H/29) (View website) Image of 15th-century floor tile from Basingwerk Abbey, National Museums & Galleries of Wales (Item reference: 2000.30H/108) (View website) Image of 14th-century floor tile from Basingwerk Abbey, National Museums & Galleries of Wales (Item reference: 2000.30H/107) (View website) Image of 15th-century floor tiles from Basingwerk Abbey, National Museums & Galleries of Wales (Item reference: 2000.30H/44) (View website) People's Collection Wales - images relating to Basingwerk Abbey (View website) People's Collection Wales - images relating to the Cistercians in Wales (View website) People's Collection Wales - images relating to Tintern Abbey (View website) People's Collection Wales - images relating to Strata Marcella (View website) People's Collection Wales - images relating to Neath Abbey (View website) Image of the foundation charter of Neath Abbey, 1130 (View website) Image of the foundation charter of Neath Abbey (reverse) (View website) Image of Neath Abbey Charter, c. 1200 (View website) People's Collection Wales (View website) Aerial photograph of Strata Florida (View website) Images of 14th-century tripod ewer and 16th-century ewer from Strata Florida Abbey (View website) Aerial photograph of Margam Abbey (View website) Grotesque figure, a male gargoyle or waterspout, from Margam Abbey (View website) Neath Abbey - fourteenth-century floor tiles (View website) View of Neath Abbey (View website) View of undercroft of dormitory, Neath Abbey (View website) Silver seal of the Abbot of Neath, 14th century (View website) Neath Abbey - fourteenth-century floor tile (shield) (View website) Aerial photograph of Neath Abbey Mansion, 1997 (View website) Neath Abbey - fourteenth-century floor tile (View website) Medieval floor tiles from Neath Abbey (View website) Neath Abbey - floor tile (View website) Neath Abbey - half floor tile (View website) Neath Abbey - floor tile (grotesque) (View website) Aerial photograph of Whitland Abbey (View website) Whitland Abbey - ceramic floor tile showing Agnus Dei (View website) Whitland Abbey - floor tile (View website) Whitland Abbey - fragment of floor tile (View website) Stone head from Abbey Cwmhir: side view (View website) Stone head from Abbey Cwm-hir (View website) Aerial photograph of Cwmhir Abbey (View website) Photograph of Cymer Abbey, Llanelltud, near Dolgellau (View website) The Cistercians in Yorkshire Project - Tintern Parva (View website) Cadw - Valle Crucis (View website) Gathering the Jewels - fourteenth-century mosaic tiles from Tintern Abbey (View website) Gathering the Jewels - images from Strata Florida (View website) Neath Abbey floor tile (knight on horseback) (View website) Neath Abbey floor tile (heraldic shield) (View website) Neath Abbey floor tile (lions) (View website) Neath Abbey floor tile (shield with three fusils) (View website) Gathering the Jewels - tile from Tintern Abbey (View website) Gathering the Jewels - floor tile from Tintern Abbey (View website) Gathering the Jewels - floor tile from Tintern Abbey (two birds feeding from a tree) (View website) Gathering the Jewels - medieval floor tile from Tintern Abbey (View website) Gathering the Jewels - floor tile from Tintern Abbey (fleur-de-lys) (View website) Bezant, Jemma, The Strata Florida Landscape Project: Mapping the Estates and their Antecedents (View website) Carr, A. D., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (View website) (Subscription reqd.) Carr, A. D., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online - Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (View website) (Subscription reqd.) Crouch, David, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online - William Marshal, first earl of Pembroke (View website) Evans, Mihail Dafydd, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online - Rice [Price] Richard, abbot of Aberconwy (View website) Pryce, H., Uses of the vernacular in the acts of Welsh rulers, 1120â€“1283 (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Monknash grange (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Marcross Grange (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Llansantffraid Priory and Nunnery (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - St Mary's and All Saints Church, Conwy (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Strata Marcella (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Abbey Cwmhir (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Llantarnam Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Whitland Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Basingwerk Abbey, Holywell (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Cymer Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Grace Dieu Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Llanllyr Nunnery, Talsarn (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Maenan Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Margam Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Neath Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - St Mary's Abbey, Strata Florida (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Valle Crucis (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Tintern Abbey (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - St Mary's, Llanllugan (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - Troed Y Rhiw Landscape;Troed-Y-hiw (View website) RCAHMW, Coflein database - plan of Troed-y-Rhiw Landscape, Ystrad Flur Ceredigion (View website) Smith, J. B., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online - Dafydd ap Llywelyn (View website) Swansea Heritage Net, Medieval Tiles Neath Abbey (View website) Tout, T. F., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online - Owain Cyfeiliog (View website) (Subscription reqd.) White, Graeme, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online - Ranulf de Gernon (View website) (Subscription reqd.)	Cistercian sites 1 Aberconwy 1 Conwy (Abbey) 2 Basingwerk Flintshire (Abbey) 3 Cwmhir Powys (Abbey) 4 Cymer Gwynedd (Abbey) 5 Grace Dieu Monmouthshire (Abbey) 6 Llanll?r Ceredigion (Abbey) 7 Llanllugan Powys (Abbey) 8 Llantarnam Torfaen (Abbey) 9 Maenan Conwy (Abbey) 10 Margam Neath Port Talbot (Abbey) 11 Neath Neath Port Talbot (Abbey) 12 Strata Florida Ceredigion (Abbey) 13 Strata Marcella Powys (Abbey) 14 Tintern Monmouthshire (Abbey) 15 Valle Crucis Denbighshire (Abbey) 16 Whitland Carmarthenshire (Abbey)

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